VII

VII. Agency Manuals

Adamchak, S.; Bond, K.; MacLaren, L.; Magnani, R.; Nelson, K., and Seltzer, J. A guide to monitoring and evaluating adolescent reproductive health programs, Part I: Chapters 1 through 9. Field review draft. Washington, DC: FOCUS on Young Adults; 1999 Jul.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This manual serves to provide guidelines for the monitoring and evaluation of youth reproductive health programs. The manual focuses on methods of measuring the quality, access, and program results of reproductive health and service delivery. Principles in the design of youth reproductive health programs are also addressed. Social and behavioral change theories, a focus on community and skills development, as well as contributions from the field of HIV/AIDS prevention underscore this manual’s recommendations for the effective design of youth reproductive health programs and the prevention of unhealthy sexual behavior.
The nine chapters comprising Part I of this manual are entitled: (1) an overview of this guide, (2) a framework for YARH evaluation, (3) developing a monitoring and evaluation plan, (4) indicators and data collection methods, (5) evaluation designs to assess program impact, (6) sampling, (7) the monitoring and evaluation workplan: data collection and analysis, (8) using and disseminating evaluation results, (9) the challenge of evaluating young adult reproductive health programs. Taken together, these nine chapters provide guidelines for defining appropriate program goals and objectives, as well as indicators and methods to measure program impact. This manual is an important planning, program development, and research tool with innovative methods described for the monitoring and evaluation of youth reproductive health programs, including indicators of use in refugee/emergency reproductive health programs.

2. Adamchak, S.; Bond, K.; MacLaren, L.; Magnani, R.; Nelson, K., and Seltzer, J. A guide to monitoring and evaluating adolescent reproductive health programs, Part II: Indicators and Instruments, Bibliography, Glossary, Appendices. Field review draft. Washington, DC: FOCUS on Young Adults; 1999 Jul.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: Part II of this guide to monitoring and evaluating adolescent reproductive health programs builds on the guidelines already established in Part I Chapters 1-9. This second half of the manual is focused specifically on the development of appropriate indicators, and along with this, includes a range of sample data collection instruments that can be used in the monitoring and evaluation of youth reproductive health programs. The indicators recommended in this section of the manual are oriented around four different program phases: (1) project design indicators, (2) project systems development and functioning indicators, (3) project implementation indicators, (4) project intervention outcome indicators. Included with each indicator is information on methods of data collection, data sources, instructions on the proper calculation of the indicator as well as any notes concerning appropriate use of the indicator. The surveyed instruments for data collection cover a wide range of topics and situations, ranging from project design checklists to tally sheets on number and characteristics of young adults counseled, and an interview guide for staff providing reproductive health services.

3. Aysan, Y. and Davis, I., Disaster Management Training Programme (University of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center). Rehabilitation and reconstruction. First edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin; 1993.
Notes: Abstract quoted from scope to introduction of module.
Abstract: "This training module primarily refers to recovery after fast-onset disasters, such as earthquakes, landslides, high winds and flooding. Recovery after drought introduces many factors, which are outside the scope of the module, since timing and actions needed in this context are significantly different. The module also excludes recovery after war or civil strife. However, while the differences remain many of the general issues and principles in the following text may be applicable to recovery after hostilities as well as drought situations."

4. Brown, V.; Moren, A., and Paquet, C. Rapid health assessment of refugee or displaced populations. Second edition. Paris: Medecins Sans Frontieres; 1999.
Notes: Abstract quoted from preface to manual.
Abstract: "In order to plan and implement aid for a displaced population, it is indispensable to know the health status of this population and estimate its needs in certain vital areas. It is therefore necessary to collect and analyse information concerning the demography, mortality, morbidity, nutritional status and vaccinal status of the concerned population, as well as food, water and sanitation resources. This work enters within the framework of what is called Rapid Health Assessment (RHA). This guide is intended for medical personnel wishing to carry out an emergency assessment of the health status of a population of refugees or displaced persons. It is composed of: (1) the framework of rapid health assessments, (2) a presentation of objectives and methods, (3) areas of assessment and corresponding indicators, and (4) recommendations for carrying out these assessments."

5. Center for Democracy and Governance, USAID. Handbook of democracy and governance program indicators. USAID; 1998 Aug.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This handbook, compiled by USAID, provides an extensive set of indicators for assessing the degree to which a community is governed by principles of democracy. The handbook is divided into four sections of content: (1) Rule of Law, (2) Political Processes, (3) Civil Society, and (4) Governance. The indicators listed are of use for individuals, private, voluntary, and governmental agencies as well as governments and multinational coordinating bodies. The organization of the handbook outlines information on the definition and unit of measurement, the relevance of the indicator, data collection methods and approximate costs, as well as target setting/trend interpretation issues for each indicator identified. Overarching agency objectives as well as the expected intermediate results of the indicators are also defined.

Disaster Management Training Programme (University of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center). Guidelines for the preparation of case studies for the UN Disaster Management Training Programme. Second edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin; 1993.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This Disaster Management Training module provides a format for the writing of case studies on a national disaster situation. The case study format provided by the module offers a means by which to effectively identify and communicate recommendations for improvement of disaster management capacity for the case country. A time-sequence outline of steps for the writing and presenting of the case study is included and a description of the considerations necessary at each stage of case-study development is also provided.

International Committee of the Red Cross. Perrin, Pierre. War and public health: handbook on war and public health. Translated from French by Martha Grenzeback. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross; 1996; pp. 3-72, 241-295.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: Medical treatment and preventive health care are equally important in the maintenance and restoration of the health of individuals. Both elements of health care are essential in all situations, including those of armed conflict. But situations of armed conflict present an additional set of medical challenges to health professionals. Lack of access to food, water or necessary supplies can complicate the scope of health problems experienced by a population. In response to these complications, it is essential that humanitarian operations have an in-depth knowledge of public health assessment and planning strategies. This book by ICRC provides an approach to setting priorities, planning health programmes and assessing programme impact in situations of armed conflict.
The particular chapters noted include: General Principles of Planning (Chapter 1), Food and Nutrition (Chapter 2), and Epidemiology (Chapter 6). Taken together, these chapters outline a framework for approaching complex emergency health problems and provide a scope for general principles underlying health assessments in situations of armed conflict. In addition, epidemiologic principles and sampling methodologies are reviewed and recommendations both for selecting and defining health indicators are provided.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Guide for planning operations for refugees, displaced persons and returnees: from emergency response to solutions. Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; 1993. Note: Abstract compiled from quotations found in the preface and the introduction. Abstract: "In spite of hopes that the last decade of this century would lead to an era of stability and peace, the beginning of the Nineties has brought in its wake dramatic new inflows of refugees and displaced persons world-wide. While for some groups of refugees, years of exile have ended through voluntary repatriation and return, in a majority of other large-scale refugee situations; sustainable solutions have yet to be found. "This Guide provides an overview of what should be done during different phases of the refugee cycle… the guide offers advice and serves as a training tool for staff from National Societies and the Federation. It also focuses on the principal planning phases and on the Federation’s cooperation with other partners. "Serving as a reference guide and training document, it aims at providing guidance on how to: 1) fulfill the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement’s policy in a politically sensitive climate, using internationally-recognized terminology, 2) take appropriate action throughout the refugee "cycle", from early warning and emergency preparedness, through immediate and ongoing relief, to durable solutions that can be found through repatriation, local integration or resettlement, 3) recognize the need for flexibility in response and for contingency planning in a dynamic context, where changes and unpredictable events in a refugee situation can occur at any time, 4) adopt a community-based approach for assistance, with emphasis on self-organization and capacity-building for the most vulnerable, and 5) negotiate and implement operational agreements with international organizations; co-operate in a humanitarian aid system with other agencies.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Health care in disasters: the Ngara refugee experience. Report of a workshop held in Ngara, Kagera Region, United Republic of Tanzania 24-29 March, 1996. Tanzania: Ministry of Health, Republic of Tanzania; 1996.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: The report from this workshop focuses on disaster preparedness based on the experiences of the influx of 1 million refugees into Ngara, Tanzania between 1993 and 1996. The workshop issued recommendations for the following three areas: (1) disaster preparedness-establishing policies and guidelines for the government, and national and international agencies to establish better coordination and cooperation in managing disaster operations, strengthen the national capacity to deal with disasters, and create and emergency fund and stocks of essential equipment, (2) rehabilitation and development of the Kagera region-establish a task force to create a rehabilitation and development plan and seek financial support for the implementation of the plan, and (3) disaster communication system and database-establish cooperation between organizations to launch a communications system using a radio system while developing the infrastructure for a telephone and Internet system, establish and database/library, research specific disaster modules for Tanzania, give the Ministry of Health authority to act quickly during disaster situation, develop disaster action plans, and ensure appropriate reporting of disasters.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Vulnerability and capacity assessment: a federation guide. Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; 1993.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This report serves as a guide for developing a Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) strategy in relation to national development and disaster/crisis mitigation plans. General strategy principles are presented for application at the level of the National Societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. It serves as a template for 1) understanding VCA and why it is important, including identifying who are the most vulnerable and the need to improve the capacities of the most vulnerable; 2) understanding the role of an assessment model including identifying potential threats, vulnerabilities, and assessing capacities and resources; and 3) understanding the place of VCA within the development cycle.

International Organization for Migration (IOM). Migration Management Training Program. Emergency migration management module. First edition. Geneva: IOM; 1994; pp. 45-74.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University with learning objectives quoted from p. 7 to introduction.
Abstract: The purpose of this manual is to serve as a training module for those involved in the management of program interventions in both domestic and international emergency migration situations. The manual includes an overview of potential circumstances forcing population migration, the dynamics of policy on emergency migration program decision-making and factors to consider in the identification of a potential emergency and the implementation of a potential emergency migration intervention. The authors intend the following eight learning objectives to be achieved upon reading of this manual: (1) "correlate a specific migration population to global patterns and causes of migration" (2) "relate migration management decisions to fundamental principles" (3) "assess the consequences of the dilemmas of migration emergencies on management policies" (4) "improve response time to migration emergencies through early warning" (5) "assess systematically the assistance needs and resources of a migration population" (6) "develop a plan of action to guide migration operations" (7) "determine the scope and characteristics of support and services to the migrating population" (8) "increase your awareness of and access to other migration management resources."

Klenk, J. S. InterWorks, Disaster Management Training Programme (University of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center). Emergency information management and telecommunication. First edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin; 1997.
Notes: Abstract quoted from purpose and scope of introduction to module.
Abstract: "This training module is designed to introduce two essential aspects of disaster management to an audience of UN organization professionals who form disaster teams, as well as to government counterpart agencies, NGOs, and donors. This training is designed to increase the audience’s awareness of the nature and management of disasters, and particularly the emergency phase, leading to a better performance in disaster preparedness and response.
By highlighting fundamental aspects of information management and telecommunications with regard to emergency management, we hope to provide an orientation and starting point for the review and enhancement of your own agency’s existing systems. Our intent is to suggest feasible measures that can improve emergency preparedness. Such measures do not inexorably require the acquisition of more expensive, more sophisticated technology, although, to be sure, such enhancements can be of much benefit to readiness given proper conditions of use, personnel, and training. While some of these technologies are, in fact, covered in this module, our primary focus is on basic policies and procedures of good emergency information management and telecommunications which can raise the level of emergency preparedness without the tremendous costs necessarily required by acquisition of state of the art technology."

McCluskey, J., OXFAM. Impact assessment in emergencies: a practical approach to monitoring and evaluation of emergency projects. Impact study draft report. UK: Emergencies Dept., Oxfam; 1999 Aug.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract:. Because impact assessment in public health emergencies presents challenges particular to the emergency situation, specific tools to measure impact in emergencies may be necessary. This manual provides guidelines for measuring program impact in emergency situations. Included in this manual is a revised version of the Public Health Assessment Tool and a description of a framework (HACCP) by which to identify and control hazards potentially affecting emergency program interventions. In addition, a LogFrames (Logical Framework Analysis) tool is defined and an evaluation framework of eight criterions included.

Medecins Sans Frontieres. Refugee health: an approach to emergency situations. London: Macmillan Education Ltd; 1997; pp. 43-54, 59-65, 82-84, 118, 126, 169, 193-200, 208, Appendices. Note: Abstract taken from a book review at http://www.tcd.fe/community_health/enn/issues/net/-2html. Abstract: In recent refugee crises, relief workers faced rapidly changing and complex environments, new disease patterns, huge humanitarian needs and relatively limited resources. A reference tool on refugee health became thus increasingly needed to provide them with operational guidance. This book is intended for professionals involved in public health assistance to refugee and displaced populations. It deals with refugee health issues at decisional level, and discusses the priorities if intervention during the different phases of a refugee crisis.

Ockwell, R., UNICEF. Assisting in emergencies: a resource handbook for UNICEF field staff. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 1986; pp. 24-36, 45-113, 185-200, 387-414.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: The UNICEF "Assisting in Emergencies Handbook" is a manual providing guidelines for emergency program planning, methods of needs assessments, and aims and priorities for intervening in the areas of food, nutrition and income, health, water supplies, hygiene and sanitation, shelter and household functioning, child care and psycho-social needs. The pages listed here focus primarily on assessment methodology, with each area of emergency response accompanied by a needs assessment checklist.

Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, USAID. Field operations guide for disaster assessment and response. Version 3. Chapters 2-3.
Notes: Quoted portion of abstract is excerpt from introduction to manual, remaining portion of abstract is written by Tulane University.
Abstract: "The Field Operations Guide for Disaster Assessment and Response (FOG) was developed by the U.S. Agency for International Development/Bureau for Humanitarian Response/Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) as a reference tool for individuals sent to disaster sites to perform initial assessments or to participate as members of an OFDA Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART).
The FOG contains information on general responsibilities for disaster responders, formats and reference material for assessing and reporting on populations at risk, DART position descriptions and duty checklists, sample tracking and accounting forms, descriptions of OFDA stockpile commodities, general information related to disaster activities, information on working with the military in the field, and a glossary of acronyms and terms used by OFDA and other organizations with which OFDA works."
The chapters noted here are specific to assessment and evaluation methods in disaster situations. Chapter two of the FOG outlines data collection methods, reporting formats, and provides a checklist for various assessment types. Chapter three of the manual focuses on the gathering of information on populations at risk. Specifically addressed within these topics are the following areas of public health concern: water, food and nutrition, health, site selection, planning, and shelter, and sanitation and environmental service.

Rogge, J. R., Disaster Management Training Programme (University of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center). A research agenda for disaster and emergency management. Research paper no. 1. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
Notes: Abstract quoted from introduction to agenda.
Abstract: "The purpose of this research agenda is to set clear-cut research priorities in the area of disaster and emergency management. The agenda will draw attention to a broad array of research themes and will elaborate on the particular utility and consequence of undertaking such research.
The agenda identifies topics where further research is needed, and give some sense of priority these topics should receive for UNDP/UNDRO funding."

Segerstrom, E., Save the Children. Focus on refugee children: a handbook for training field refugee workers in social and community work. Grafiska Punkten, Vaxjo; 1995; pp. 34-42, 65-67.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This manual is oriented toward providing guidelines for social work in refugee settings. The manual serves to provide a theoretical background for social and community work and applies these theories into training guidelines for social and community fieldworkers in refugee settings. Pages 34-42 of the manual have been highlighted for their particular focus on methods of social assessment, as well as a description of participatory evaluation, further addressed also on pages 65-67 of the manual.

Stephenson, R. S., Disaster Management Training Programme (University of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center). Disaster assessment. Second edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin; 1991.
Notes: Abstract quoted from overview of this module in introduction section p. 5.
Abstract: "Disaster assessment is the gathering and analysis of information pertinent to disasters and disaster response. The scope of the information required covers factual details of the hazard event causing the disaster, the needs of those affected, and the available resources for responding to those needs.
The assessment process extends from preparedness activities and the pre-disaster warning phase through the emergency phase and even into the rehabilitation and recovery of the community. As the needs of the community change through these phases, the objectives of the ongoing assessment change as well.
Part One of this module clarifies the assessment process and charts the changing objectives of assessment through the various phases of a disaster and relates these assessment activities to the decision making process.
Part Two provides practical guidelines for the collection of accurate and usable data during the various phases of a disaster and gives specific insight to the differing assessment needs required by different disaster types.
Part Three of the module addresses the role of the UN in disaster assessment.
Part Four discusses the preparedness planning measures which must be in place prior to a disaster to facilitate rapid and accurate assessment when required."

Strategic Plan for Humanitarian Emergency Response and Evaluation (SPHERE) Project. Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in disaster response. First edition. Geneva: SPHERE Project; 1998.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: The Sphere Project provides a humanitarian charter and a set of minimum standards for disaster response. The minimum standards are designed to help improve the effectiveness of disaster assistance and the level of accountability provided to stakeholders. Minimum standards have been established for the following areas of disaster response: Water Supply and Sanitation (Chapter 2), Nutrition (Chapter 3), Food Aid (Chapter 4), Shelter and Site Planning (Chapter 5) and Health Services (Chapter 6). For each set of standards addressed, a series of assessment and evaluation indicators are included.

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). Handbook for emergencies. Second edition pp. 15-18, 32, 43, 46-47, 121-125, 140, 156-165, 175-183, 190-200, and 213-216.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This manual covers a wide scope of topics relating to assessments of public health emergencies and operational issues in emergency situations. The pages noted above provide specific details on initial assessment of a complex emergency, sources of data and methods by which to estimate refugee population numbers, and recommended indicators to measure malnutrition in the population. Examples of emergency level indicators in refugee situations are also included. Some examples of the indicators included are those relating to the assessment of emergency levels of nutritional status of children, water quality and quantity, and site and shelter space in complex emergencies. Minimum standards for infrastructure development and service delivery in complex emergencies are also identified by a corresponding indicator list.

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). Reproductive health in refugee situations: an inter-agency field manual; 1999; pp. 95-117.
Keywords: Refugees -- Health and hygiene/ Refugees -- Medical care/ Women refugees -- Health and hygiene/ Women refugees -- Medical care/ Reproductive health
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This manual represents an inter-agency collaborative work. Its focus is to provide a multi-sectoral and integrated approach to addressing the reproductive health needs of refugee and internally displaced persons. The scope of this manual is wide, addressing issues of safe mother hood, sexual and gender-based violence, sexually transmitted diseases, family planning, and adolescent reproductive health. The guide is equipped with service provider and intervention checklists, as well as a series of indicators relating to each reproductive health topic addressed. Chapter nine of this manual is of particular use for applied research and evaluation in complex emergency settings. This chapter focuses on surveillance and monitoring, and presents a discussion of impact, outcome, and process objectives as well as an eight-step approach to establishing an effective surveillance and monitoring system of reproductive health in refugee situations. Also of important use is annex 1-4 and annex 7. These annexes together define relevant indicators for measurement of reproductive health throughout different phases of a complex emergency situation.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Taddesse, S.; Bruce, L., and Sensing, B. HARRIS: Humanitarian Assistance Results Reporting Information System, Implementing Partners Module. Version 1.0. USAID, Bureau for Humanitarian Response; 1999 CD ROM.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: Humanitarian Assistance Results Reporting Information System (HARRIS) is a two module database designed for use by Implementing Partners for grant development and submission and for USAID to consolidate, analyze, and generate performance and management reports. This CD-ROM-based program facilitates both grant development and reporting from the field.

World Food Programme (WFP). Food aid in emergencies: Book B - Operational procedures for WFP staff. Provisional version. Rome: World Food Programme; 1993; pp. B2-13, B2-27-29, B4-7-42, B5-37-53, B8-5-55.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This manual provides guidelines on assessment in emergency and disaster situations. The scope of assessment topics ranges from assessment of specific food aid needs in response to situations of drought and famine to recommendations on how to assess food aid need and plan distribution programs at the national level. Checklists to consider when assessing specific situations are included and characteristics to consider when planning response for the population identified in need are also detailed. The manual includes indicators for use in the assessment of situations and recommends that indicators such as prices of basic staples or the sell of domestic animals be considered for data collection in emergency situations.

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization (WHO). Field guide on rapid nutritional assessment in emergencies. Alexandria: World Health Organization (WHO); 1995.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This guide to assessing nutrition situations in emergencies provides recommendations on appropriate methodology for sample selection, and nutrition survey design and implementation in times of rapid need. Recommended indicators for data collection are discussed with appropriate measurement techniques for weight and height also detailed.

World Health Organization (WHO). Handbook for emergency field operations. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 1999.
Notes: Abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: This field guide is a management and reference tool for WHO staff working in "complex emergencies" or other situations where normal working conditions or standard operating procedures have been suspended. It is intended for use by WHO country representatives, professional health staff, administrative and logistic staff and consultants. It provides an overview of the different individuals and their responsibilities in a filed operation setting. It discusses the steps necessary for conducting field operations in emergency situations from the initial readiness and preparation procedures, to start-up of fieldwork and running of day-to-day operations, to termination of the project. Assessment of each phase of the operation is addressed in relation to useful indicators, resource identification, and establishing an information management system. Methodology and format of post-operation evaluation is also addressed.

World Health Organization (WHO). Rapid health assessment protocols for emergencies. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 1999.
Notes: Quoted portion of abstract is excerpt from preface to manual, remaining portion of abstract written by Tulane University.
Abstract: "The initial phase of a major emergency is crucial for the survival of victims and for determining the future path of assistance to the stricken community. Many organizations from within and outside the affected country send teams to assess the emergency situation and determine the kind of response required to relieve human suffering. The absence of a common, standardized technical tool for damage and needs assessment in this initial phase may result in contradictory information being channeled to national and international humanitarian agencies. Consequently, the response may be one that fails to meet actual needs, aggravating rather than improving the emergency situation.
To address this gap, this publication brings together, in one volume, 10 protocols designed to help those involved in the rapid assessment determine the immediate and potential health impact of a broad range of emergencies and assist in planning appropriate responses."
The rapid health assessment protocols focus on the following areas: rapid health assessment, epidemics of infectious origin, meningitis outbreaks, outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever, including yellow fever, outbreaks of acute diarrhoeal disease, sudden-impact natural disasters, sudden population displacements, nutritional emergencies, chemical emergencies, and complex emergencies. In the attached annexes, survey methodology is discussed and indicators with application to rapid health assessment in emergencies are defined.