Health services access: The percentage of population that can reach appropriate local health services on foot or by local means of transportation in no more than one hour. (UNDP 1998: 218)
Health expenditures: Expenditures on primary health care including public health, hospitals, health centers and clinics, health insurance schemes and family planning. (UNDP 1998: 218)
Human capital: A general term for the practical knowledge, acquired skills and learned abilities that make an individual potentially productive. The term was coined to draw a useful illustrative analogy between investing resources that increase the stock of ordinary physical capital (tools, machines, buildings etc.) and those that increase the productivity of labor. "Investing" in the education or training of labor is the means of accomplishing the general objective of higher productivity. (Johnson 1994: http://www.duc.auburn.edu/~johnspm/glossind.html)
Human resource development: Productive investment in people (training, education, etc.) that enhances their skills and abilities. (Tisch and Wallace 1994: 162)
A) This term refers to a range of rights and freedoms that are or should be universal to all individuals. These rights are sometimes understood in terms of basic political rights and civil liberties, such as freedom of expression, protection from arbitrary arrest or detention, a fair and impartial judicial system, and protection from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment. However, there is no general agreement on what constitutes a “human right” nor the relative value of its components. These rights have been more broadly defined to include a range of individual, cultural, and economic rights necessary to enable a life of freedom and dignity. In addition, the women’s movement has campaigned to address gender issues (such as domestic violence, freedom to choose or leave a partner, child marriage, and female cutting) more explicitly within a human rights framework.
B) Human rights are generally classified into three categories, namely the "first generation" of civil and political rights, supplemented by a "second generation" of economic, social, and cultural rights, and now a "third generation" of rights that underscores the right to development and to share in the fruits of the extraction of the common natural heritage of mankind. (Conteh-Morgan, 1994: 69-88)
A) A fundamental departure from orthodox security analysis in which human beings and their complex social and economic relations are the primary referent object rather than the state. Thus, the main focus and starting point is understanding security in terms of the real-life everyday experiences of humanity rather than the experiences of territorially discrete sovereign states. (Thomas 1999: 1)
B) Safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease, and repression, as well as protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life –whether in homes, jobs or communities. Such threats can exist at all levels of national income and development. (UNDP 1994: 23)
A) Situations in which large numbers of people are dependent on humanitarian assistance from sources external to their own society and/or are in need of physical protection in order to have access to subsistence or external assistance. (US Mission to the United Nations 1996; cited by Harff and Gurr 1997: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm/mar/pubs.htm)
B) A profound social crisis in which a large number of people die and suffer from war, disease, hunger and displacement owing to man-made and natural disasters, while some others may benefit from it. (Vayrynen 1996; cited by Harff and Gurr 1997: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm/mar/pubs.htm)
Humanitarian intervention: Reliance on force for the justifiable purpose of protecting the inhabitants of another state from treatment that is arbitrary and persistently abusive. (Gurr and Harff 1994: 190)