Immunization rate: The average of the vaccination coverage of children under one year of age for the antigens used in the Universal Child Immunization Program. (World Bank 1998a: 224)
Income difference: Differences in income levels between individuals, households, spending units, communities, groups or countries.
Income distribution. The distribution of income among individuals, households, or spending units in a given area or country.
Indigenization: A process whereby positions held predominantly by foreigners or another dominant group are replaced by locals. For example, in India in the 1970s there was a strong drive to "indigenize" the social sciences in general and development theory in particular.
A) Communities and nations whose historical continuity with pre-invasion and post-colonial societies developing on their territories, voluntarily distance themselves from other sectors of societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their continued existence as peoples in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems. (Cobo 1986; cited by Howitt with Connell and Hirsch, eds. 1991: 11)
B) Conquered descendants of earlier inhabitants of a region who live mainly in conformity with traditional social, economic, and cultural customs that are sharply distinct from those of dominant groups. (Gurr & Haxton 1996: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm/mar/minrept1.htm)
Indirect aggression: The dispatching by a state, or on behalf of a state, of armed bands, groups, irregular forces or violent persons into the territory of another state which then applies armed force on a large scale. (Demurkenko & Nikitin, 1997; cited by Schmid 1998: http://www.fewer.org/pubs/thes.htm)
Infant mortality rate: The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 births. More specifically, the probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age times 1,000. (World Bank 1990: 256)
Institutional violence: Argument made for including some corporate activities within the realm of violence. Many people are harmed as the result of unsafe products, contamination of the environment, and other business practices based more on competitiveness and profitability than on concerns with the impact on social welfare and public health. For example, a company’s decision to dump or ignore toxic waste is a non-governmental activity in which the work of an institution could harm other people. Institutional violence results from “ordinary” work and daily activities. Incremental contributions can be made to the escalation of violence without emotion or attention, and do not have to follow from heated conflict. (Summers and Markusen 1999: xi)
Insurgency: An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of subversion and armed conflict. (US DOD: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/)
Integration: Incorporation of different groups into a society in which access to education, public or private facilities, employment, and ownership or inheritance of property are not limited due to membership in an identity group (e.g. ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation). It differs from assimilation in that various identities and traditions are retained and respected.
Interactive conflict resolution: Involves small group problem-solving discussions between unofficial representatives of identity groups or states engaged in destructive conflict facilitated by an impartial third party, group or panel of social scientist-practitioners. (Fisher 1997: 8)
Internal conflict: Any conflict or dispute based on communal or social identity, including language, race, religion, sect, ethnicity, caste, class, clan, or some combination of these. (Baker & Weller 1998: 11)
Internal defense and development: The full range of measures taken by a nation to promote its growth and protect itself from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. Also called the IDAD strategy. (US DOD: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/)
Internal (economic) balance: A situation of relatively full employment of labor and capital along with stable prices. A country which enjoys this balance will be using its economic resources fully. (TIID, 1997)
Internal security: The state of law and order prevailing within a nation. (US DOD: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/)
Internally displaced persons: Individuals who have been forced to flee their homes for the same reasons as refugees but have not crossed an internationally recognized border. (UNHCR; cited by USAID 1998: 1)
International conflict management/mediation: An extension of the negotiation process whereby an acceptable third party intervenes to change the course or outcome of a particular conflict. This is likely to occur when a conflict has gone on for some time, the efforts of individuals or actors involved have reached an impasse, neither actor is prepared to countenance further cost or escalation of the dispute, and both parties welcome some form of mediation and are ready to engage in direct or indirect dialogue. (Bercovich 1991: 12)
Internationalism: Sometimes known as 'universalism' or 'interdependence,' this term refers to a belief that each person has a global responsibility – a responsibility to others around the world, beyond direct or short-term self-interest. It combines enlightened self-interest, moral anger at injustice, and solidarity with people in need of help. (Cairns 1997: 57)
A) A move by a state or international organization to involve itself in the domestic affairs of another state, whether the state consents or not. (Hoffman 1993; cited by Schmid 1998: http://www.fewer.org/pubs/thes.htm)
B) Deliberate actions taken by individual states, organizations, or a coalition of states in the international community to assist other states or national entities is the favorable resolution of pressing matters of humanitarian, regional, security or international interests. (von Lipsey, ed. 1997: 4)