Operational prevention: Measures applicable in the face of immediate crisis.   It relies on early engagement to help create conditions in which responsible leaders can address and resolve the problem inciting the crisis.  (Carnegie Commission 1997: xix)

Outside influence: Influence by actors from within the country who are not direct participants in a conflict.  Influence can take the form of economic, political, or military pressure by individuals, countries, civil society, private businesses, or militant groups.